A large-scale and standardized design of an LIB echelon utilization system can reduce the sorting and regrouping costs, while an intelligent BMS can improve the safety and extend the total life cycle of the battery, which directly increases the economic value.
Based on the artificial intelligence algorithm, the economic optimization model of the echelon utilization of retired power LIBs is optimized. The battery life cycle information management and control system based on blockchain technology creates a true, transparent, comprehensive battery traceability system.
In addition, there is a lack of sharing of battery information among various processes, which also hinders the process of echelon utilization of retired power LIBs. In the future, we will use technologies based on big data and artificial intelligence to help standardize batteries or battery modules.
The regrouped battery system for echelon utilization consists of smaller regrouped units (i.e., cell, module, or peak level). Therefore, some smallest regrouped units in the regrouped battery system can be randomly selected for testing to evaluate the rationality of the sorting and regrouping method and results.
For large-scale electrochemical energy storage power stations, the secondary utilization of retired LIBs has effectively solved the problem of the high cost of new batteries, thus they have a huge potential demand. In summary, ESSs can be divided into three categories: User-side ESSs [63, 64].
Generally, EV batteries have a three-level structure: cell, module, and pack. Therefore, an issue for echelon utilization is selecting which level for sorting and regrouping, which directly affects the technical difficulty and related costs.
Additional storage technologies will be added as representative cost and performance metrics are verified. The interactive figure below presents results on the total installed ESS cost ranges by technology, year, power
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The model of this study shows that the total cost of the echelon utilization of retired power LIBs is 44 $ /kWh, which includes two parts: the battery cost of 20 $ /kWh and the cascade utilization cost of 24 $ /kWh [107].
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Combined the cycle life characteristics of retired power batteries during echelon utilization, a cost estimation method based on the use value of echelon utilization batteries was given. An
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Retired power battery construction energy storage systems (ESSs) for echelon utilization can not only extend the remaining capacity value of the battery, and decrease environmental pollution,
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